PostgreSQL-Syntax

Standardmäßig wird nach der Installation von PostgreSQL ein Befehlszeilentool mitgeliefert.SQL Shell(psql)。

LinuxDas System kann direkt zum Benutzer postgres wechseln, um das Kommandozeilenwerkzeug zu starten:

#  sudo -i -u postgres

WindowsDas System bewahrt es normalerweise in seinem Installationsverzeichnis auf:

Program Files → PostgreSQL 11.3 → SQL Shell(psql)

Mac OSWir können einfach danach suchen, um es zu finden:

Nach dem Aufrufen des Kommandozeilenwerkzeugs können wir\helpverwenden, um die Syntax verschiedener Befehle anzuzeigen:

postgres-# \help <command_name>

Schauen wir uns zum Beispiel die Syntax der SELECT-Anweisung an:

postgres=# \help SELECT
Command:     SELECT
Description: retrieve rows from a table or view
Syntax:
[ WITH [ RECURSIVE ] with_query [, ...] ]
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
    [ * | expression [ [ AS ] output_name ] [, ...] ]
    [ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
    [ WHERE condition ]
    [ GROUP BY grouping_element [, ...] ]
    [ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
    [ WINDOW window_name AS ( window_definition ) [, ...] ]
    [ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL | DISTINCT ] select ]
    [ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] ]
    [ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
    [ OFFSET start [ ROW | ROWS ] ]
    [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ count ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]
    [ FOR { UPDATE | NO KEY UPDATE | SHARE | KEY SHARE } [ OF table_name [, ...] ] [ NOWAIT | SKIP LOCKED ] [...] ]

from_item 可以是以下选项之一：

    [ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]

---

SQL-Anweisungen

Eine SQL-Anweisung enthält normalerweise Schlüsselwörter, Bezeichner (Felder), Konstanten, Sonderzeichen usw. Unten sehen Sie eine einfache SQL-Anweisung:

SELECT id, name FROM example

	SELECT	id, name	FROM	example
Symbol-Typ	Schlüsselwort	Bezeichner (Feld)	Schlüsselwort	Bezeichner
Beschreibung	Befehl	id- und name-Felder	Anweisung, die verwendet wird, um bedingte Regeln usw. festzulegen.	Tabellenname

---

PostgreSQL-Befehle

ABORT

ABORT wird verwendet, um die aktuelle Transaktion abzubrechen.

ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

ALTER AGGREGATE

Ändert die Definition einer Aggregatfunktion.

ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) RENAME TO _new_name_
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) OWNER TO _new_owner_
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) SET SCHEMA _new_schema_

ALTER COLLATION

Ändert eine Collation-Definition.

ALTER COLLATION _name_ RENAME TO _new_name_
ALTER COLLATION _name_ OWNER TO _new_owner_
ALTER COLLATION _name_ SET SCHEMA _new_schema_

ALTER CONVERSION

Ändert die Definition einer Kodierungskonvertierung.

ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DATABASE

Ändert eine Datenbank.

ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter
ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES

Standard-Zugriffsrechte definieren.

ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
    [ FOR { ROLE | USER } target_role [, ...] ]
    [ IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] ]
    abbreviated_grant_or_revoke

where abbreviated_grant_or_revoke is one of:

GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
    [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON TABLES
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
...

ALTER DOMAIN

Die Definition einer Domäne ändern.

ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT }
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint
ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER FUNCTION

Die Definition einer Funktion ändern.

ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) RENAME TO new_name
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER GROUP

Eine Benutzergruppe ändern.

ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO new_name

ALTER INDEX

Die Definition eines Index ändern.

ALTER INDEX name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE indexspace_name
ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER LANGUAGE

Die Definition einer prozeduralen Sprache ändern.

ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER OPERATOR

Ändern Sie die Definition eines Operators.

ALTER OPERATOR name ( { lefttype | NONE }, { righttype | NONE } )
OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS

Ändern Sie die Definition einer Operatortabelle.

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO new_name
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER SCHEMA

Ändern Sie die Definition eines Schemas.

ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER SEQUENCE

Ändern Sie die Definition eines Sequenzgenerators.

ALTER SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ RESTART [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

ALTER TABLE

Ändern Sie die Definition einer Tabelle.

ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
action [, ... ]
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO new_column
ALTER TABLE name
RENAME TO new_name

WobeiactionEs kann eine der folgenden Optionen sein:

ADD [ COLUMN ] column_type [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
DROP [ COLUMN ] column [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column TYPE type [ USING expression ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET DEFAULT expression
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column DROP DEFAULT
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STATISTICS integer
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN }
ADD table_constraint
DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
CLUSTER ON index_name
SET WITHOUT CLUSTER
SET WITHOUT OIDS
OWNER TO new_owner
SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name

ALTER TABLESPACE

Ändert die Definition eines Tablespace.

ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER TRIGGER

Ändert die Definition eines Triggers.

ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name

ALTER TYPE

Ändert die Definition eines Typs.

ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER USER

Ändert ein Datenbankbenutzerkonto.

ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER USER name RESET parameter

Wobei option sein kann −

[ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| VALID UNTIL 'abstime'

ANALYZE

Sammelt Statistiken über eine Datenbank.

ANALYZE [ VERBOSE ] [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]

BEGIN

Startet einen Transaktionsblock.

BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]

transaction_modeEs kann eine der folgenden Optionen sein:

ISOLATION LEVEL { 
   SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
   | READ UNCOMMITTED
}
READ WRITE | READ ONLY

CHECKPOINT

Erzwinge einen Checkpoint des Transaktionsprotokolls.

CHECKPOINT

CLOSE

Schließe einen Cursor.

CLOSE name

CLUSTER

Clustere eine Tabelle anhand eines Index.

CLUSTER index_name ON table_name
CLUSTER table_name
CLUSTER

COMMENT

Definiere oder ändere den Kommentar zu einem Objekt.

COMMENT ON {
   TABLE object_name |
   COLUMN table_name.column_name |
   AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type) |
   CAST (source_type AS target_type) |
   CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name |
   CONVERSION object_name |
   DATABASE object_name |
   DOMAIN object_name |
   FUNCTION func_name (arg1_type, arg2_type, ...) |
   INDEX object_name |
   LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid |
   OPERATOR op (left_operand_type, right_operand_type) |
   OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method |
   [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE object_name |
   RULE rule_name ON table_name |
   SCHEMA object_name |
   SEQUENCE object_name |
   TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name |
   TYPE object_name |
   VIEW object_name
} 
IS 'text'

COMMIT

Schreibe die aktuelle Transaktion fest.

COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

COPY

Kopiere Daten zwischen einer Tabelle und einer Datei.

COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
FROM { 'filename' | STDIN }
[ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...] ]
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
TO { 'filename' | STDOUT }
[ [ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE QUOTE column [, ...] ]

CREATE AGGREGATE

Definiere eine neue Aggregatfunktion.

CREATE AGGREGATE name (
   BASETYPE = input_data_type,
   SFUNC = sfunc,
   STYPE = state_data_type
   [, FINALFUNC = ffunc ]
   [, INITCOND = initial_condition ]
)

CREATE CAST

Definiert eine benutzerdefinierte Konvertierung.

CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITH FUNCTION func_name (arg_types)
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]
CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITHOUT FUNCTION
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER

Definiert einen neuen Constraint-Trigger.

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER name
AFTER events ON
table_name constraint attributes
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( args )

CREATE CONVERSION

Definiert eine neue Kodierungskonvertierung.

CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name
FOR source_encoding TO dest_encoding FROM func_name

CREATE DATABASE

Erstellt eine neue Datenbank.

CREATE DATABASE name
[ [ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] db_owner ]
   [ TEMPLATE [=] template ]
   [ ENCODING [=] encoding ]
   [ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace ] 
]

CREATE DOMAIN

Definiert eine neue Domäne.

CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type
[ DEFAULT expression ]
[ constraint [ ... ] ]

constraintEs kann eine der folgenden Optionen sein:

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ NOT NULL | NULL | CHECK (expression) }

CREATE FUNCTION

Definiert eine neue Funktion.

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION name ( [ [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] )
RETURNS ret_type
{ LANGUAGE lang_name
   | IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE
   | CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT
   | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER
   | AS 'definition'
   | AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol'
} ...
[ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ]

CREATE GROUP

Definiert eine neue Benutzergruppe.

CREATE GROUP name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
Where option can be:
SYSID gid
| USER username [, ...]

CREATE INDEX

Definiert einen neuen Index.

CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX name ON table [ USING method ]
( { column | ( expression ) } [ opclass ] [, ...] )
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
[ WHERE predicate ]

CREATE LANGUAGE

Definiert eine neue prozedurale Sprache.

CREATE [ TRUSTED ] [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name
HANDLER call_handler [ VALIDATOR val_function ]

CREATE OPERATOR

Definiert einen neuen Operator.

CREATE OPERATOR name (
   PROCEDURE = func_name
   [, LEFTARG = left_type ] [, RIGHTARG = right_type ]
   [, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ]
   [, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ]
   [, HASHES ] [, MERGES ]
   [, SORT1 = left_sort_op ] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op ]
   [, LTCMP = less_than_op ] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op ]
)

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS

Definiert eine neue Operatortabelle.

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [ DEFAULT ] FOR TYPE data_type
USING index_method AS
{ OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name [ ( op_type, op_type ) ] [ RECHECK ]
   | FUNCTION support_number func_name ( argument_type [, ...] )
   | STORAGE storage_type
} [, ... ]

CREATE ROLE

Definiert eine neue Datenbankrolle.

CREATE ROLE _name_ [ [ WITH ] _option_ [ ... ] ]

where `_option_` can be:

      SUPERUSER | NOSUPERUSER
    | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
    | CREATEROLE | NOCREATEROLE
...

CREATE RULE

Definiert eine neue Umschreibungsregel.

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event
TO table [ WHERE condition ]
DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command ... ) }

CREATE SCHEMA

Definiert ein neues Schema.

CREATE SCHEMA schema_name
[ AUTHORIZATION username ] [ schema_element [ ... ] ]
CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION username
[ schema_element [ ... ] ]

CREATE SERVER

Definiert einen neuen Fremdserver.

CREATE SERVER _server_name_ [ TYPE '_server_type_' ] [ VERSION '_server_version_' ]
    FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER _fdw_name_
    [ OPTIONS ( _option_ '_value_' [, ... ] ) ]

CREATE SEQUENCE

Definiert einen neuen Sequenzgenerator.

CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] SEQUENCE name
[ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ START [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

CREATE TABLE

Definiert eine neue Tabelle.

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { 
   TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name ( { 
      column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
      | table_constraint
      | LIKE parent_table [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } DEFAULTS ] 
   } [, ... ]
)
[ INHERITS ( parent_table [, ... ] ) ]
[ WITH OIDS | WITHOUT OIDS ]
[ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]

column_constraintEs kann eine der folgenden Optionen sein:

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { 
   NOT NULL |
   NULL |
   UNIQUE [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
   PRIMARY KEY [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
   CHECK (expression) |
   REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ]
   [ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
   [ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] 
}
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

table_constraintDabei kann es sich um eine der folgenden Optionen handeln:

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
CHECK ( expression ) |
FOREIGN KEY ( column_name [, ... ] )
REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column [, ... ] ) ]
[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
[ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] }
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

CREATE TABLE AS

Definiert eine neue Tabelle aus dem Ergebnis einer Abfrage.

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name
[ (column_name [, ...] ) ] [ [ WITH | WITHOUT ] OIDS ]
AS query

CREATE TABLESPACE

Definiert einen neuen Tablespace.

CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [ OWNER username ] LOCATION 'directory'

CREATE TRIGGER

Definiert einen neuen Trigger.

CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR ... ] }
ON table [ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ]
EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( arguments )

CREATE TYPE

Definiert einen neuen Datentyp.

CREATE TYPE name AS
( attribute_name data_type [, ... ] )
CREATE TYPE name (
INPUT = input_function,
OUTPUT = output_function
[, RECEIVE = receive_function ]
[, SEND = send_function ]
[, ANALYZE = analyze_function ]
[, INTERNALLENGTH = { internal_length | VARIABLE } ]
[, PASSEDBYVALUE ]
[, ALIGNMENT = alignment ]
[, STORAGE = storage ]
[, DEFAULT = default ]
[, ELEMENT = element ]
[, DELIMITER = delimiter ]
)

CREATE USER

Erstellt ein neues Datenbankbenutzerkonto.

CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]

optionDabei kann es sich um eine der folgenden Optionen handeln:

SYSID uid
| [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| IN GROUP group_name [, ...]
| VALID UNTIL 'abs_time'

CREATE VIEW

Definiert eine Sicht.

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] AS query

DEALLOCATE

Entfernt eine vorbereitete Abfrage.

DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name

DECLARE

Definiert einen Cursor.

DECLARE name [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ]
CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query
[ FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, ...] ] } ]

DELETE

Löscht Zeilen aus einer Tabelle.

DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ]

DROP AGGREGATE

Entfernt eine benutzerdefinierte Aggregatfunktion.

DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP CAST

Entfernt eine benutzerdefinierte Typkonvertierung.

DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP CONVERSION

Eine benutzerdefinierte Kodierungskonvertierung entfernen.

DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP DATABASE

Eine Datenbank entfernen.

DROP DATABASE name

DROP DOMAIN

Eine benutzerdefinierte Domäne entfernen.

DROP DOMAIN name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP FUNCTION

Eine Funktion entfernen.

DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP GROUP

Eine Benutzergruppe entfernen.

DROP GROUP name

DROP INDEX

Einen Index entfernen.

DROP INDEX name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP LANGUAGE

Entfernt eine prozedurale Sprache.

DROP [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP OPERATOR

Entfernt einen Operator.

DROP OPERATOR name ( { left_type | NONE }, { right_type | NONE } )
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP OPERATOR CLASS

Entfernt eine Operatortabelle.

DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP ROLE

Entfernt eine Datenbankrolle.

DROP ROLE [ IF EXISTS ] _name_ [, ...]

DROP RULE

Entfernt eine Neuschreibregel.

DROP RULE name ON relation [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP SCHEMA

Entfernt ein Schema.

DROP SCHEMA name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP SEQUENCE

Eine Sequenz entfernen.

DROP SEQUENCE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TABLE

Eine Tabelle entfernen.

DROP TABLE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TABLESPACE

Einen Tablespace entfernen.

DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name

DROP TRIGGER

Eine Trigger-Definition entfernen.

DROP TRIGGER name ON table [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TYPE

Einen benutzerdefinierten Datentyp entfernen.

DROP TYPE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP USER

Ein Datenbank-Benutzerkonto entfernen.

DROP USER name

DROP VIEW

Eine View entfernen.

DROP VIEW name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

END

Schreibe die aktuelle Transaktion fest.

END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

EXECUTE

Eine vorbereitete Abfrage ausführen.

EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter [, ...] ) ]

EXPLAIN

Den Ausführungsplan einer Anweisung anzeigen.

EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement

FETCH

Zeilen aus einer Abfrage mit einem Cursor abrufen.

FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

RichtungSie kann eine der folgenden Optionen sein:

NEXT
PRIOR
FIRST
LAST
ABSOLUTE count
RELATIVE count
count
ALL
FORWARD
FORWARD count
FORWARD ALL
BACKWARD
BACKWARD count
BACKWARD ALL

GRANT

Zugriffsrechte definieren.

GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

INSERT

Neue Zeilen in einer Tabelle erstellen, d. h. Daten einfügen.

INSERT INTO table [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
{ DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) | query }

LISTEN

Auf eine Benachrichtigung lauschen.

LISTEN name

LOAD

Eine Shared-Library-Datei laden oder neu laden.

LOAD 'filename'

LOCK

Eine Tabelle sperren.

LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ]

lock_modeEs kann eine der folgenden Optionen sein:

ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE
| SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE

MOVE

Einen Cursor positionieren.

MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

NOTIFY

Eine Benachrichtigung erzeugen.

NOTIFY name

PREPARE

Eine vorbereitete Abfrage erstellen.

PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, ...] ) ] AS statement

REINDEX

Indizes neu aufbauen.

REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ]

RELEASE SAVEPOINT

Einen zuvor definierten Savepoint entfernen.

RELEASE [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name

ZURÜCKSETZEN

Einen Laufzeitparameterwert auf seinen Standardwert zurücksetzen.

RESET name
RESET ALL

REVOKE

Zugriffsberechtigungen entziehen.

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

ROLLBACK

Die aktuelle Transaktion abbrechen.

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT

Zu einem Savepoint zurückrollen.

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name

SAVEPOINT

Einen neuen Savepoint in der aktuellen Transaktion definieren.

SAVEPOINT savepoint_name

SELECT

Ruft Zeilen aus einer Tabelle oder Sicht ab.

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]

from_itemDabei kann es sich um eine der folgenden Optionen handeln:

[ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]
( select ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] )
[ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] | column_definition [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, ...] )
from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item
[ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, ...] ) ]

SELECT INTO

Definiert eine neue Tabelle aus dem Ergebnis einer Abfrage.

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]

SET

Ändert einen Laufzeitparameter.

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] name { TO | = } { value | 'value' | DEFAULT }
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT }

SET CONSTRAINTS

Setzt den Constraint-Prüfmodus für die aktuelle Transaktion.

SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name [, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }

SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION

Legt die Sitzungsbenutzerkennung und die aktuelle Benutzerkennung für die aktuelle Sitzung fest.

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION username
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION

SET TRANSACTION

Startet einen Transaktionsblock.

SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]

Wobei transaction_mode einer der folgenden Werte ist −

ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY

SHOW

Zeigt den Wert eines Laufzeitparameters an.

SHOW name
SHOW ALL

START TRANSACTION

Startet einen Transaktionsblock.

START TRANSACTION [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]

transaction_modeEs kann eine der folgenden Optionen sein:

ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY

TRUNCATE

Eine Tabelle oder eine Gruppe von Tabellen leeren.

TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] name

UNLISTEN

Das Lauschen auf Benachrichtigungsnachrichten beenden.

UNLISTEN { name | * }

UPDATE

Zeilen in einer Tabelle aktualisieren.

UPDATE [ ONLY ] table SET column = { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...]
[ FROM from_list ]
[ WHERE condition ]

VACUUM

Speicherbereinigung für eine Datenbank durchführen und sie optional analysieren.

VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] [ table ]
VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] ANALYZE [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]

VALUES

Eine oder mehrere Zeilen berechnen.

VALUES ( _expression_ [, ...] ) [, ...]
    [ ORDER BY _sort_expression_ [ ASC | DESC | USING _operator_ ] [, ...] ]
    [ LIMIT { _count_ | ALL } ]
    [ OFFSET _start_ [ ROW | ROWS ] ]
    [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ _count_ ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]

Weitere Informationen finden Sie in der SQL-Syntax im Handbuch:http://www.example.com/manual/PostgreSQL/sql-syntax.html。

Weitere Erweiterungen